Configuration of a physical control unit to support multiple logical control units for different tape drive types in a mainframe native tape attachment storage system

ABSTRACT

A tape storage system having a physical control unit configured to support multiple logical control units is provided. Each logical control unit supports communication with a single tape drive model type up to a maximum number of drives. A customer obtains a number N of logical control units through purchase, lease or other legitimate avenues. Based on the number of tape drive model types L and the number of tape drives for each type QL, the model types are mapped to the N LCUs. In general, mapping priority is given to the newer generation model types and the model types in which the number of attached tape drives QL exceeds the capacity M of a single LCU. An exception being that the oldest model type is ensured a mapping to an LCU. The LCUs may be reconfigured and the model types remapped on the physical CU if the customer adds different model types to the storage system or obtains a different number of LCUs.

BACKGROUND

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to mainframe native tape attachmentstorage systems built from legacy designs in which the host functionswith storage subsystems (Control Units (CUs)) that are each attached toa maximum number of tape drives of the same model type, and morespecifically, to the configuration of a single physical CU to supportmultiple logical control units (LCUs) for different tape drive modeltypes in which each LCU is attached to a maximum number of tape drivesof the same model type.

Description of the Related Art

In a mainframe native tape attachment storage system, a hostcommunicates directly with a physical tape drive via a physical controlunit (CU). The host and physical CU are different types of computerservers. The host runs an operating system such as z/OS or z/Linux. Thehost is connected through a storage area network (SAN) to one or morephysical CUs. Each physical CU is attached via a customer provided SAN,embedded switches or cables to a number of tape drives. The hostoperating systems have been built from legacy designs to function withCUs containing up to 16 tape drives of the same model type. The CUcannot accommodate greater than 16 tape drives or drives of differentmodel types (e.g. different generations). If the customer has more than16 tape drives of a given model type or tape drives of different modeltypes, the customer has to purchase and configure multiple physical CUs.

The host defines a group of devices of the same type as a CU. Thedefinition contains the address of the CU. Each tape drive is addressedwith a device id (e.g. an offset from the CU's address). For example, aCU may have an address 1BOX where the address is in hexadecimal and the“X” is the offset of the tape drive to be addressed. The tape drives mayhave addresses 1B00, 1B01, 1B02 and so forth. The host addresses thephysical CU and the device id tells the CU which drive is beingaddressed. This is done by using an inter system communication protocolsuch as Fibre Connection (FICON) or Small Computer System InterfaceLogical Unit Number (SCSI LUN) that supports addressing end points bygroup and then by device. When the host addresses the CU, the CU checksthe device id and communication is sent to the appropriate physical tapedrive. The CU translates between the FICON traffic that the hostunderstands and the Fiber Channel Protocol (FCP) traffic that the driveunderstands. The CU is attached to a maximum of 16 drives via a FCPinterface. Between the CU and the tape drives is an FCP fabric. Thereare several forms this can take; in the simplest form this could benothing more then a cable between the CU and a single drive. It couldalso be a set of redundant FCP switches or some larger FCP storage areanetwork.

To add a new tape drive to an existing CU, assuming the CU has notreached capacity and the new tape drive is the same model type as thegroup of drives, the tape drive is physically connected to the physicalCU via the FCP fabric. The CU is instructed through service menus todiscover the newly attached tape drive. Once configured on the CU, thenew tape drive is available for the host to bring online and startusing.

To accommodate different model types of tape drives or a number of tapedrives in excess of 16, additional CUs must be brought online. Thehardware for another physical CU needs to be installed, cabled andpowered. A physical CU resides in a frame in a customer's data center.The frame is about 6 feet tall and weighs several hundred pounds. Atypical frame will hold 4 physical CUs. Once the hardware is installed,service personnel install microcode on the CU and verify the CU is ableto see the attached tape drives. The host defines the group of attacheddevices as a CU including the addresses of the CU and the device ids foreach attached tape drive.

BRIEF SUMMARY

To achieve greater storage performance, flexibility, cost-effectivenessand reliability for customers, a variety of improvements to storageenvironments, and particularly to mainframe native storage attachmentstorage systems, continue to be made.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, a single physicalCU is configured to support N logical control units (LCUs) with each LCUsupporting communication with a single model type of tape drive and amaximum of M drives. Based on the number of tape drive model types L andthe number of tape drives for each type QL, the model types are mappedto the N LCUs with priority given to the newer generation model typesand the model types where the number of attached tape drives QL exceedsthe capacity M of a single LCU. An exception to the general prioritybeing that the oldest model type is mapped to an LCU immediately afterthe newest model type to ensure the greatest backward compatibility. Thetape drives are then assigned to the LCUs based on their model type. Thetape drives may also be assigned to balance the allocation of drives ofthe same model type among multiple LCUs and based on the physicallocation of the tape drives in different frames to improve redundancy.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, feature codesfor N LCUs purchased, leased, or otherwise legitimately obtained by acustomer are issued and entered into the physical CU to enableconfiguration of the N LCUs. The purchase and issuance of the featurecodes is implemented via a point-of-sale (POS) module located eitherremotely or within the physical CU itself. The customer may select thenumber of LCUs N based at least in part on the number of model types oftape drives L and the number of tape drives QL. The POS module mayimplement an algorithm to suggest the number of LCUs N based on L, QLand one or more constraints. The constraints may, for example, specify Nas the minimum number of LCUs required to map and assign all of tapedrives, or all tape drives plus a specified expansion capability fornewer or more highly populated model types, or all of the tape drivesnewer than a specified generation plus the oldest generation or allmodel types of tape drives. The customer may override the suggestednumber to select either a greater or lesser number of LCUs based, forexample, on the customer's knowledge of plans for future expansion orcost.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, if the customerconnects a tape drive of a different model type to the physical CUchanging the number of model types L, the model types are remapped tothe N LCUs based on the new number of model types and the individualtape drives are reassigned to the LCUs based on model type.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, if the customerobtains a different plurality N of LCUs, the physical CU is reconfiguredto support the different number of LCUs N, the model types are remappedto the N LCUs based on the new number of LCUs and the individual tapedrives are reassigned to the LCUs based on model type.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, the modeltypes are mapped to different LCUs based on whether the number ofpurchased LCUs N is equal to, greater than or less than the number ofmodel types L. If equal, each model type is assigned one LCU. If N >L,each model type is mapped to a different LCU and the model types whosenumber of attached tape drives exceed the capacity of a single LCU aremapped to an additional LCU with priority given to the newest modeltypes. Either the highest populated model types (newest to oldest) orthe newest model type are mapped to any remaining LCUs. If N <L, thenewest model type is mapped to an LCU, then the oldest model type ismapped to a different LCU, and then the model types are mapped newest tooldest until all the LCUs are assigned.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, the modeltypes are mapped to different LCUs to first ensure that the newest andoldest generation model types are assigned to LCUs, then the model typesnewer to older are assigned an LCU, then all of the model types with anumber of attached tape drives that exceeds the capacity of the LCU areassigned another LCU (with priority from newest to oldest), then anyremaining LCUs are assigned to either the highest populated model types(newest to oldest) or to the newest model type.

Related system and computer program product embodiments are alsodisclosed and provide additional advantages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

In order that the advantages of the invention will be readilyunderstood, a more particular description of the invention brieflydescribed above will be rendered by reference to specific embodimentsthat are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that thesedrawings depict only embodiments of the invention and are not thereforeto be considered to be limiting of its scope, the invention will bedescribed and explained with additional specificity and detail throughthe use of the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an embodiment of a mainframe native tapeattachment storage system including a physical control unit configuredto support multiple logical control units;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an embodiment of various software modules forconfiguration of the physical control unit to support multiple logicalcontrol units;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an embodiment for mapping the different tapedrive model types to the multiple logical control units; and

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of another embodiment for mapping the differenttape drive model types to the multiple logical control units.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It will be readily understood that the components of the presentinvention, as generally described and illustrated in the Figures herein,could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of differentconfigurations. Thus, the following more detailed description of theembodiments of the invention, as represented in the Figures, is notintended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merelyrepresentative of certain examples of presently contemplated embodimentsin accordance with the invention. The presently described embodimentswill be best understood by reference to the drawings, wherein like partsare designated by like numerals throughout.

The illustrated embodiments below describe a mainframe native tapeattachment storage system, for example. The illustrated embodimentsprovide for the configuration of a single physical CU to supportmultiple LCUs for different tape drive model types as will be furtherdescribed, following. The illustrated embodiments improve storageperformance, flexibility and cost-effectiveness for communicationbetween an end host and a plurality of attached tape drives of differentmodel types. Performance is enhanced by configuring the LCUs to bothsupport the existing model types and provide for future expandability toattach tape drives within the existing model types. Flexibility isimproved by allowing a customer to purchase, lease, or otherwiselegitimately obtain a number of LCUs and reconfigure an existingphysical CU rather than having to purchase and install additionalhardware. The cost to the customer of purchasing, installing andoperating additional physical CUs is eliminated. This cost includes theactual cost of the physical CU, licensing costs associated with the hostprotocol (e.g. FICON) for each physical CU, floor space for the physicalCU, power to operate the CU and thermal handling of the CU.

With reference now to FIG. 1, in an embodiment of a mainframe nativetape attachment storage system 10, a host 12 communicates directly witha physical tape drive 14 via a physical control unit (CU) 16. Host 12 isa computer server that runs an operating system 18 such as z/OS orz/Linux. Host 12 is connected through a storage area network (SAN) 20 tophysical CU 16. Physical CU 16 is attached via an FCP fabric 22 to anumber of tape drives 14 of different model types. FCP fabric 22 mayinclude a customer provided SAN, embedded switches or cables to a numberof tape drives. The numbers of drives are limited if using cables. Thedifferent model types may, for example, be IBM tape drives E07, E06,E05, and J1A. These model types are of different generations; some newerand some older.

In an embodiment, all the attached tape drives 14 would be containedwithin a single Library 24. A library can be thought of as a collectionof tapes from which any one tape contained within the library could bemounted in any given drive within the library assuming the tape anddrive in question are compatible. One class of library is astand-alone/rack-mount configuration (manual library). In thisconfiguration the drives are human accessible and tapes are on shelvesin the room. The drive will indicate to a human operator to find tape Xand insert it into the drive. The second class of library is anautomated tape library. An automated tape library (ATL) is series of 1or more units that are physically attached together, each library unitholding some number of tape drives. Though automated means all attachedunits can move any given tape from one library unit to any otherattached library unit for storage or use in any of the tape driveslocated within the library unit.

The host operating systems 18 such as z/OS and z/Linux have been builtfrom legacy designs to function with CUs containing up to 16 tape drivesof the same type. The CU cannot accommodate more than 16 tape drives ordrives of different model types (e.g. different generations).

In accordance with the invention, physical CU 16 is configured tosupport N logical control units (LCUs) 26. Each LCU 26 supportscommunication with a single model type of tape drive and a maximum of Mtape drives where M equals 16 in existing systems. This number could behigher than 16 in future systems and should not be seen as limiting.Multiple LCUs 26 may support different attached tape drives of the samemodel type. For example, tape drives 14 of model type 1 are mapped andthen assigned to both LCUs A and B with each physical drive existing inonly one LCU. In this case, the single physical CU can support multipleLCUs for a number of tape drives of the same type in excess of themaximum capacity of M=16. Different LCUs 26 may support differentattached tape drives of different model types. For example, tape drives14 of model type 1 are mapped and then assigned to LCUs A and B and tapedrives 14 of model type 2 are assigned to LCU C. In this case, thesingle physical CU can support different tape drive model types.

To host 12 the multiple LCUs 26 and their assigned tape drives 14 appearexactly the same as would a conventional storage system having adifferent physical CU for each group of tape drives of the same modeltype. The host knows to communicate with an address at the other end ofa cable. The host has no visibility of what that address physically is,the address could be a physical CU or one of many LCUs existing on onephysical CU. For example, LCU A may have an address 1BOX where theaddress is in hexadecimal and the “X” is the offset of the tape drive tobe addressed. The tape drives assigned to LCU A may have addresses 1B00,1B01, 1B02 and so forth. Similarly LCU may have an address 1B1X and thetape drives assigned to LCU B may have addresses 1B10, 1B11, 1B12 and soforth.

The advantages provided the customer in reduced hardware costs areclear. The customer can reconfigure an existing physical CU instead ofpurchasing and installing additional physical CUs. The direct costsavings is considerable. The indirect cost savings for reduced rackspace, power consumption and thermal handling are also considerable.

Another very significant advantage is the reduction in license fees forswitches with FICON support, which have a high licensing cost per port.When connecting to the FICON switches a single CU will take a maximum of4 ports in the switch where it also has a minimum of 2 ports. This wouldindicate that a customer who decided to replace 3 minimally configuredphysical CUs with 1 maximally CU running 3 LCUs would decrease from aminimum of 6 ports to 4 ports.

Another advantage is that the LCUs may be reconfigured and the modeltypes remapped on the physical CU. If the customer adds different modeltypes to the storage system purchases, leases or otherwise legitimatelyobtains a different number of LCUs, the LCUs can be reconfigured,remapped and reassigned.

The number of LCUs N and the mapping of those N LCUs to the differentmodel types is configured to support both the existing model types andattached tape drives and to provide for future expandability ofadditional tape drives within the existing model types. Furthermore, ifdifferent model types are attached, the same or different number of LCUscan be reconfigured within the same physical CU.

With reference now to FIG. 2, an embodiment for configuring a physicalCU to support N LCUs and to map the L model types and QL tape drives foreach model type to the N LCUs comprises four functional modules: aPoint-of-Sale (POS) Module 30, a Control Unit User Interface Module 32,a Logical Control Unit Module 34 and an LCU Mapping & Assignment Module36. The Control Unit User Interface, LCU and LCU Mapping & AssignmentModules are suitably software modules implemented by a physical CU 38,which itself is a computer server. The POS Module is suitably a softwaremodule implemented either in the physical CU, possibly as part of theUser Interface Module, or in a separate computer 40. The POS Modulecomputer may be at located with the provider of the physical CU andcapability to configure it to support multiple LCUs and tape drives. Forexample the POS Module computer is remotely located at an IBM site whilethe physical CU is located at a customer site.

In an embodiment, POS Module 30 issues features codes 42 for thephysical CU 38. Feature code 42 is an encrypted string that containsinformation that the code came from the provider of the LCUs (e.g. IBM®)and that the customer did in fact legitimately obtain the N LCUs, aserial number of the physical CU 38 and the number of LCUs N purchasedor leased or otherwise legitimately obtained by the customer. Theprovider may charge based on the number of LCUs N obtained, the numberof model types L supported, the total number of tape drives attached ora combination thereof.

The number of LCUs N purchased, leased or otherwise obtained by thecustomer can be determined in a variety of ways depending in part onwhether the POS Module is remote with the provider or local as part ofthe physical CU. The customer may simply specify the number of LCUs N.The customer may select the number of LCUs N based at least in part onthe number of model types of tape drives L and the number of tape drivesQL, and possibly cost. The POS module may implement an algorithm tosuggest the number of LCUs N based on L, QL and one or more constraints.The constraints may, for example, specify N as the minimum number ofLCUs required to map and assign all of tape drives, or all tape drivesplus a specified expansion capability for newer or more highly populatedmodel types, or all of the tape drives newer than a specified generationplus the oldest generation or all types of tape drives. This algorithmmay use the mapping algorithms illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 to determinethe number N given the constraint. The customer may override thesuggested number to select either a greater or lesser number of LCUsbased, for example, on the customer's knowledge of plans for futureexpansion or cost. For a remote POS Module, the customer would providethe provider with L and QL. For a local POS Module implemented with thephysical CU, the customer may input the information or the physical CUmay be configured to recognize the attached tape drives to determine Land QL.

Control Unit User Interface Module 32 receives and validates featurecodes 42 to allow configuration of the physical CU to install N LCUs.The number of LCUs N and the serial number are saved by the physical CUin a persistent manner. At configuration time, the CU checks the totalnumber N and uses it to install the LCUs. The User Interface Module 32also provides the number of model types L and the number of tape drivesper model type QL. The customer may enter this information via servicemenus or the hardware may be configured to automatically recognize theattached drives.

LCU Module 34 provides the ability to respond to multiple addresses inorder to emulate multiple LCUs on a single physical CU. The LCU Module34 configures the physical CU with a range of addresses, each onerepresenting a different LCU. The physical CU is able to respond asneeded to any of the configured target address. The LCU Module 34 wouldalso assign each tape drive to one of the LCUs based on the model typemapping and drive assignments provided by the LCU mapping and assignmentmodule 36. The LCU Module 34 would also handle the mapping between theLCU's target address and the attached taped drives.

LCU Mapping & Assignment Module 36 receives as inputs the number of LCUsN, the number of model types L and the number of drives per model typeQL and outputs the model type mapping and drive assignments. Based onthe number of tape drive model types L and the number of tape drives foreach type QL, the Module 36 maps the model types to each of the N LCUswith priority given to the newer generation model types and the modeltypes where the number of attached tape drives QL exceeds the capacity Mof a single LCU. An exception to the general priority being that theModule 36 maps the oldest model type to an LCU once the newest modeltype is mapped to ensure the greatest backward compatibility. Either thenewest model type or the model types having the highest number of drivesper LCU (newest to oldest) are mapped to any remaining LCUs. The Module36 assigns tape drives to the LCUs based on their model type. The Module36 may assign tape drives to balance the allocation of drives of thesame model type among multiple LCUs and may account for the physicallocation of the tape drives in different frames to improve redundancy.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, if the customerconnects a tape drive of a different model type to the physical CUchanging the number of model types L, the model types are remapped tothe N LCUs based on the new number of model types and the individualtape drives are reassigned to the LCUs based on model type.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, if the customerpurchases or leases or otherwise obtains a different plurality N ofLCUs, the physical CU is reconfigured to support the different number ofLCUs N, the model types are remapped to the N LCUs based on the newnumber of LCUs and the individual tape drives are reassigned to the LCUsbased on model type.

With reference to FIG. 3, an embodiment of the LCU Mapping & AssignmentModule maps the model types to different LCUs based on whether thenumber of LCUs N obtained is equal to, greater than or less than thenumber of types of tape drives L. If equal, each model type is mapped toone LCU. If N >L, each model type is mapped to a different LCU and themodel types whose number of attached tape drives exceed the capacity ofa single LCU are mapped to another LCU with priority given to the newestmodel types. Either the highest populated model types per LCU (newest tooldest) or the newest model type are mapped to any remaining LCUs. If N<L, the newest model type is mapped to an LCU, then the oldest modeltype is mapped to a different LCU, and then the model types are mappednewest to oldest until all the LCUs are mapped.

In an embodiment, the Module 36 implements the following steps to map Lmodel types of QL tape drives to N LCUs where each LCU can support amaximum of M tape drives of the same model type. The Module 36determines whether N=L (step 50), if yes the Module 36 maps each modeltype to a different LCU (step 52) and assigns each tape drive to an LCUbased on model type up to the capacity M of the LCU (step 54). If any ofthe model types have more than M attached tape drives, those tape driveswill be left unassigned.

If no, the Module determines whether N >L (step 56) and if yes maps eachmodel type to a different LCU (step 58). The remaining N−L LCUs areallocated by first identifying the model types that have more than Mattached tape drives (step 60). Those model types (from newest tooldest) are mapped to another LCU (step 62). If there are unused LCUs(step 64), the Module 36 may either reduce the threshold by, forexample, dividing M by 2 (step 66) and repeating steps 60 and 62 to mapmodel types whose QL per LCU is greater than the threshold (from newestto oldest) to another LCU or map the model types from newest to oldestto another LCU (step 62) regardless of the number of attached drives preLCU or map the newest model type to all remaining LCUs. The Module 36assigns each tape drive to an LCU based on model type (step 68). If amodel type has been mapped to multiple LCUs, the Module 36 may balancethe number of tape drives assigned to the LCUs and/or take into accountthe drives physical location to place drives from the same frame withdifferent LCUs. Every model type is guaranteed to be mapped to at leastone LCU. The newest model types whose number of attached drives exceedsthe capacity of an LCU will be mapped to a second LCU. Depending on thesize of N, all drives may be mapped to an LCU and remaining LCUs may bemapped to provide for future expansion. The mapping for future expansionis based on either the newness of the model type, the number of drivesattached to the model type, or both.

If no, the Module determines that N <L (step 70) and maps the newestmodel type to an LCU (step 72), maps the oldest model type to an LCU(step 74) and maps the remaining model types from newest to oldest untilthe LCUs are exhausted (step 76). The Module 36 assigns the tape drivesfor the mapped model types to their respective LCUs up to the capacity Mof the LCU (step 78). In this case, the older but not the oldest modeltypes will go unassigned. Furthermore, any model type whose number ofattached drives exceeds the capacity M will only have the first M drivesassigned.

With reference to FIG. 4, an embodiment of the LCU Mapping & AssignmentModule 36 maps the types of tape drives to different LCUs to firstensure the newest and oldest generation model types are mapped to LCUs,then the model types newer to older are mapped to an LCU, then all ofthe model types with a number of attached tape drives that exceeds thecapacity of the LCU are mapped to another LCU (with priority from newestto oldest), then either the highest populated model types per LCU(newest to oldest) or the newest model type are mapped to any remainingLCUs.

In an embodiment, the Module 36 implements the following steps to map Lmodel types of QL tape drives to N LCUs where each LCU can support amaximum of M tape drives of the same model type. The Module 36 maps thenewest model type to a first LCU (step 90). If there are free modules(step 92), the Module determines whether there are more models (step94). If yes, the Module maps the oldest model type to a next LCU (step96), checks if there are free LCUs (step 98), checks if there are moremodels (step 100) and maps the next newest model type to the next LCU(step 102). The Module 36 repeats steps 98, 100 and 102 until eitherthere is no free LCUs or no more models. Once the LCUs are all exhaustedthe mapping stops.

If there are no more models at step 100, the Module 36 verifies thatthere are free LCUs (step 104), identifies all of the model types forwhich the number of attached drives QL is greater than the LCU capacityM (full model type) (step 106), maps the newest full model type to thenext LCU (step 108) and repeats steps 104, 106 and 108 until eitherthere are no free LCUs or no more full model types. Once the LCUs areall exhausted the mapping stops.

If there are no more full models at step 106, the Module 36 verifiesthat there are free LCUs (step 110), identifies all of the model typesfor which the number of attached drives QL per LCU is greater than theone-half the LCU capacity M (step 112), maps the newest model type tothe next LCU (step 114) and repeats steps 110, 112 and 114 until eitherthere are no free LCUs or no more full models. If there are stillremaining LCUs, the Module 36 maps the newest module type to theremaining LCUs (step 116).

Once the mapping is complete, the Module assigns the attached tapedrives to the LCUs based on model type (step 118). For model typesassigned to multiple LCUs, the Module 36 may take balance the assignmentof tape drives among the multiple LCUs based on the number of attachedtape drives or the physical location of the tape drives or both.

As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, aspects ofthe present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computerprogram product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may takethe form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely softwareembodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) oran embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may allgenerally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.”Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of acomputer program product embodied in one or more computer readablemedium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmittedusing any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless,wired, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of theforegoing. Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspectsof the present invention may be written in any combination of one ormore programming languages, including an object oriented programminglanguage such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventionalprocedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming languageor similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirelyon the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alonesoftware package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remotecomputer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latterscenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computerthrough any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or awide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an externalcomputer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet ServiceProvider).

Aspects of the present invention are described above with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer program instructions. These computer program instructions maybe provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, specialpurpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus toproduce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via theprocessor of the computer or other programmable data processingapparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified inthe flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computerreadable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable dataprocessing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readablemedium produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also beloaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, orother devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed onthe computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce acomputer implemented process such that the instructions which execute onthe computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the above figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof code, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be notedthat, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in theblock may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, twoblocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantiallyconcurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverseorder, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be notedthat each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, andcombinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations ofspecial purpose hardware and computer instructions.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”and/or “Comprising,” when used in this specification, specify thepresence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of allmeans or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended toinclude any structure, material, or act for performing the function incombination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. Thedescription of the present invention has been presented for purposes ofillustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Theembodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and the practical application, and to enableother of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention forvarious embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A tape storage system comprising: a singlephysical control unit (CU); a plurality of model types L of tape drives,each said model type being a different generation, and a number of tapedrives QL for each model type; a host communicating with the pluralityof model types L of tape drives via the single physical control unit;the single physical CU configured to: in response to obtaining featurecodes for a plurality N of logical control units (LCUs) for a customerfor the single physical CU, support N LCUs, each LCU supportingcommunication with a single model type and a maximum of M tape drives;based on the number of model types L and the number of tape drives foreach model type QL, map the model types to the N LCUs with prioritygiven in the mapping to the newer generation model types and the modeltypes where QL is greater than M; and assign individual tape drives tothe LCUs based on model type.
 2. The tape storage system of claim 1,wherein the feature codes are an encrypted string that containsinformation that the code came from a provider of the LCUs and that thecustomer did in fact legitimately obtain the N LCUs, a serial number ofthe physical CU and the number of LCUs N obtained by the customer. 3.The tape storage system of claim 1, further comprising a point-of-sale(POS) module located in the physical CU, wherein the POS module isconfigured to issue the feature codes in response to the customerobtaining the N LCUs.
 4. The tape storage system of claim 3, wherein thePOS module is further configured to execute a sub-module that processesthe number of model types L and the number of tape drives QL for eachmodel type and suggests a number of LCUs for a customer that willsatisfy a customer specified constraint on the mapping of model types tothe LCUs.
 5. The tape storage system of claim 1, wherein the mapping ofthe model types to the N LCUs ensures that the oldest model type ismapped to at least one LCU.
 6. The tape storage system of claim 1,wherein in mapping the model types to the N LCUs, the single physical CUis configured to: if N equals L, map each model type to a different oneof the LCUs; if N less than L, map the newest model type to a first oneof the LCUs, map the oldest model type to a second one of the LCUs andmap the remaining model types newest to oldest to different ones of theLCUs until all the LCUs are mapped; and if N greater than L, map eachmodel type to a different one of the LCUs, map model types whose QL isgreater than M to another one of the LCUs from newest to oldest modeltype, and map either the newest model type or the model types having themost tape drives per mapped LCU newest to oldest to any remaining LCUs.7. The tape storage system of claim 1, wherein in mapping the modeltypes to the N LCUS, the single physical CU is configured to: map thenewest and oldest model types to different LCUs; if LCUs remainunmapped, map model types from newer to older to different LCUs; if LCUsremain unmapped, map the model types whose QL is greater than M toanother one of the LCUs from newest to oldest model type; and if LCUsremain unmapped, map either the newest model type to any remaining LCUsor map the model types having the most tape drives per mapped LCU fromnewest to oldest to any remaining LCUs.
 8. The tape storage system ofclaim 1, wherein for model types mapped to more than one LCU, theindividual tape drives are assigned to the multiple LCUs based on modeltype and the number of tape drives QL for that model type to balance thenumber of drives assigned to each LCU.
 9. The tape storage system ofclaim 1, wherein for model types mapped to more than one LCU, theindividual tape drives are assigned to the multiple LCUs based on modeltype and a physical location of each of the tape drives to distributedrives from the same physical location to different LCUs.
 10. The tapestorage system of claim 1, wherein in response to the customerconnecting a tape drive of a different model type to the physical CUchanging the number of model types L, the single physical CU isconfigured to remap the model types to the N LCUs based on the newnumber of model types and reassign the individual tape drives to theLCUs based on model type.
 11. The tape storage system of claim 1,wherein in response to the customer obtaining a different plurality N ofLCUs, the single physical CU is configured to support the differentnumber of LCUs N, remap the model types to the N LCUs based on the newnumber of LCUs and reassign the individual tape drives to the LCUs basedon model type.
 12. The tape storage system of claim 1, wherein all ofthe tape drives for all of the model types are contained in a singlelibrary.